teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in…
s and because chlamydospores are rare. Primary infection is purely seed-borne. Conidia and other fungal structures are transmitted on the outside of…
Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a…
graminearum) Fusarium head blight or scab General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can…
water, soil particles, tools, etc. Verticillium can also be seed-borne and tuber-borne. The optimum temperature for Verticillium albo-atrum is 21 °C…
debris are primary source of infection. Secondary spread is through air borne conidia. High humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity.…
Fusarium spp. Fusarium spp. is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops.…
General Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown…
and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection is mostly from infected propagation…
is only one disease cycle during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the only source of primary infection.…
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