Older caterpillars migrate to the top of the plant where they feed mainly on the growing tips. They produce large holes in the leaf, sometimes…
however, they are readily carried by the wind and as such can disperse 400 to 500 km per night. Damage symptoms The caterpillar is a surface feeder. T…
( caterpillars ) are 30-40 mm long. They have six instars that vary in colour from light tan to green to black. They have a distinct white inverted…
females. Aphids moult four times before reaching adulthood. With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. Wingless…
pests, diseases and their natural enemies. It explains how they spread in the crop, the damage they can cause, and specific behavioural…
development stages only feed on smaller prey stages. The larvae do not eat. They develop quickly to protonymph and then start to feed on spider mites.…
showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release…
substrates that is rich in organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number.…
appearance except that they are smaller. Size ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 mm in length. Females are viviparous and parthenogenetic, meaning that they…
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. As plants photosynthesize efficiently, they transfer sugars to the root system, stimulating the soil food web.…
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