adult fly. Adult leaf miners are small yellow and black coloured flies , at most only several millimetres long. When the adult females feed or lay…
seedling emergence is critical for infection. Soil temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur at soil…
the epidemic has not yet been established. Pestalotiopsis clavispora is mostly found in plants that have been weakened by some form of stress, from un
and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil water content over a prolonged period of…
extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes. The most obvious damage is the deformation of growing points. They also…
visible. On the leaves, round and extending lesions may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be…
of these conidia. There is no known sexual stage. Ascochyta fungi develop most rapidly at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for…
present wherever its cruciferous hosts exist and it is considered to be the most universally distributed lepidopteran species. It is highly migratory…
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